INDONESIA

INDONESIA

Indonesia covers a land mass of 1.91 million km²  and territorial waters nearly four times that size. In total , the country comprises 17.508 islands stretching 5.120 km from east to west and 1.760 km north to south.

The population is concentrated on six main islands. Java, with an area of 132.188 km² is home approximately 59 percent of the nation’s population, or 122 million people. It is one of the most densly populated areas in the word.

The island of Sumatera, with an area of 475.605 km²  represent some 25 percent of Indonesian’s land area and is hometo 20.7 percent of the country’s population, or 39,2 million people. Bali, Indonesia’s fabled island touristdestination is 5.561 km²  in size but with less than 3 million people, or 15 percent of the total  popultion. Totalling 539.458 km² , the four provinces in Kalimantan comprise about 28 percent of Indonesia’s land area but only 5.3 percent (10 million) of the nation’s population. Sulawesi with an area of 189.216 km²  has 10 percent of Indonesian’s land territory and 7 percent
(13,3 millions) of its population.

Irian Jaya, totalling 421.982 km² is Indonesia’s most eastern province and lies directly west of Papua New Guinea and and north of Australia. With 22 percent of nation’s land mass, Irian Jaya’s 1,8 million inhabitants represent just under one percent of the total population.

Nearly 60 percent of Indonesian’s land is forested, and a significants portion is mountanious and volcanic. Some mountain on Sumatera and Irian Jaya exceed 3.000 meters in height. Java alone has 112 volcanoes including a number which are still active.

Volcanic activity through the ages has given the soil in Java and Bali a high degree of fertility, which accounts in part the concentration of agriculture and people on the two islands.

                                      (Taken From Indonesia Source Book 1994,p.11-12)

HANDLING COMPLAINT

It tells you how to handle guest’s complaint.

                                      HANDLING COMPLAINT

All members of a hotel staff must be ready to deal with complaints. Some of them are genuine, silly , polite but firm. Most businesses take complaint very seriously. Some complaints are more serious than others.

It is often the responsibility of an individual member of staff to deal with the problem. Sometimes,of course , it is necessary for the staff member to refer some one else such as a manager.

Suppose that your are now dealing with complaints , you should listen carefully, be polite and, except when it is absolutely necessary, don’t comment until the customer has finished. Then, make a short , clear apology. After that , you should repeat the complaint. This is to make sure that you have fully understood the problem and that there are no misunderstanding. When possible, you should also note down what the customer has said. Next, you should decide who will deal with the complaint. If it is not a serious one you can deal with it your self. You should explain to the customer the action you plan to take and tell him or her when it will be done. If you decide that the manager sholud gandle the complaint, you should fisrt inform him or her and them arrange a meeting between the manager and the customer.

 (III students book . English For Vocational Schools)

PERSONAL AND BUSINESS LETTERS

PERSONAL AND BUSINESS LETTERS

There are two main types of letters :

1.     Personal (Private) Letters :

This kind of letters is usually sent by a personal to another person or to an  office telling about his personal matters. He can tell everything he feels in his letter.

Personal letters do not follow certain  limitations

2.    Business Letter

When somebody writes a letter to his boss in the office or when he applies for a job he must write a business letter. He cannot tell everything he feels. He write things to the point, because the person he writes the letter to is always busy and doesn’t have much time to read long letters. A business letter always follows certain regulations.

Read an example of employment letters. Here is an application from Anisa T.Devi to Pindo Deli Corporation in Karawang,West Java.

                                                                             Tasikmalaya,30 May 2006

Mr.Tommy Harry A

Personal manager of

Pindo Deli Corp.

KIIC,Karawang

West Java

Dear Sir,

          Referring to your advertisement in the Kompas newspaper published on January 10 about a vacancy in your office, herewith, I would like to inform you that I can meet the requirements for being a typist.

          The enclosed,qualifications summary provides the details of my education and work experiences.

          I do not mind at all having an interview with you whenever you think it necessary.

Yours faithfully

Anisa T.Devi

Read an example of based on the job vacancies dated 19 july 2006 below

                                                URGENTLY REQUIRED

 An International leading manufacture and distributor of a wide range equipmnet is looking for the following position :

 ACCOUNTING STAFF

QUALIFICATION :

·         Male/Female (Max 30 years old)

·         D-III / S-1 Degree

·         Min 2 years experience in similar position

·         Fluent in English both oral and written

·         Computer literal

·         Knowledgeable in taxation

 Please send your application,detail CV, recent photgraph within 2 weeks to :

                                                    P.O.BOX 4188

                                                JAKARTA 10041

Read an example of “the letter of order”

Dear Mr.Fumashita

Many thanks for your quotation and catalogue about the mini off-set printer which arrived last week.

We are now more convinced that the machine will be very suitable for the market in ur country and therefor we would like you to send us :

20 units of mini off-set printer type YMOP-417 at once :

Our orders is subject to your term of payment , viz. Payment against bill of exchange at 60 days,less 2 ½ percent.

If this first order is executed satisfactorily, we will be happy to place further business with you.

Yours Faithfully,

Sadam Putera

The Import Manager


(III Students book English For Vocational Schools)

NOUN CLAUSE

Definition:

A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.

Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:

• that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.

• wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I see what I say?

See also:

• Complement Clause
• Gerund
• Infinitive
• Noun Phrase

Examples and Observations:

• "When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse."
  (E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945)

• "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon."
  (Dorothy Parker)

• "I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright."
  (Henry David Thoreau)

• "Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I'll tell you that."
  (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995)

• "How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality."
  (Christina Baldwin)

• "This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and of what a Man's resolution can achieve."
  (Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White, 1859)

• "That dogs, low-comedy confederates of small children and ragged bachelors, should have turned into an emblem of having made it to the middle class--like the hibachi, like golf clubs and a second car--seems at the very least incongruous."
  (Edward Hoagland, "Dogs, and the Tug of Life")

• "All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of nominal clauses (sometimes called 'noun clauses'):
• I know that the students studied their assignment.
• I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.

These nominal clauses are examples of dependent clauses--in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences."
(Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998)

• "I have run,
  I have crawled,
  I have scaled these city walls,
  These city walls
  Only to be with you,
  Only to be with you.
  But I still haven't found what I'm looking for."
  (written and performed by U2, "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For," The Joshua Tree, 1987)

Also Known As: nominal clause

Working With Clauses

• Subordination with Adjective Clauses
• Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses
• Building Sentences with Adverb Clauses

Functions of a Noun

• Subject
• Complement
• Object

 sumber :http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounclauseterm.htm

Information about business letters

There are many kinds of business letters such as :

1. Letter of inquiry :
They are the simple request for information , such as : literature,favors, reservations, appoinments, and so on.

2. Letters Answering Request
They are answering all the coming orders from big and small companies. Some times they are use a special from form for this kind of letter,unless it requires a personal massage.
They some times difficult to write because they have to refuse a customer's requests, to tell the delay of delivery. These letters require the utmost tact and courtesy.

3. Claim and Adjusment Letters
Sometimes a customer complains about things you do for him. Thus , you have write a replay to this dissapointed customer.

4. Credit and Collection Letters
These letters are answering people who send letters asking for credits which are the basis of business transactions. The answering are usually favorable.
Collection letters are usent to those who receive credits. They might forget to pay the loan back. The letters shoul remind , reason , and threaten sometimes

5. Sales Letters
People use these letters for special purpose : for selling products or services.

6. Employment Letters
These letters are for getting a position, asking about a position , yhanking for an interview and resigning from a position

7. Social- Business Letters
Business people write these letters to maintain friendly relationship with customers and other business acquaintances. This business correspondence includes : Letters of congratulation , letters of sympathy , invitations , letters of friendship,and thank you letters. They promote goodwill among the writes and the receivers. 

Conditional Sentences

They are called conditional sentences. A conditional sentence consists of two clauses; the if-clause, and the main clause. The if-clause can come first or second. When it comes first, we usually put a comma between the two clauses.

There are 4 (four) types of conditional sentences, including mixed conditional.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

The if-clause is in the present tense, the main clause uses will and the infinitive, or simple present.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Type 1	Simple present If you work hard,	Simple present you succeed. Simple future you will succeed.	True in the present or possible in future It’s possible to happen in the future

When do we use conditional sentence type 1?
1. We use conditional sentence type 1 to talk about possible situations in the present or future.
   
   • If you leave earlier, you will not be late.
   • If you open the windows, the room will get some fresh air.
2. We often use conditional type 1 to talk about facts or processes:
   
   • If you heat water to 100 degrees, it will boil.
   • If we stare into the sun, we will hurt our eyes.
Note: Other modal verbs can also be used in place of will and would.
• If it rains like this all day, the river might flood. (might = will possibly)
  
• If it rains like this all day, the river could flood. (could = will be able to)

Conditional Sentence Type 2

The if-clause is in the simple past or the past continuous tense, the main clause uses would and the infinitive, or would be and the present participle (Verb-ing).

Conditional Sentence Type 2

TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Type 2	Simple past If you worked hard, Past continuous If it were not raining now,	would + simple form you would succeed. would be + present participle I would be going out for a walk.	Untrue in the present Fact: You don’t work hard, so you don’t succeed Fact:It’s raining now, so I’m not going out for a walk.

When do we use conditional sentence type 2? Conditional sentence type 2 is used to talk about actions or situations that are not taking place in the present or future, but we can imagine the probable result.
• If we didn’t live in a big city, we would not have to breathe polluted air everyday. (In truth, we live in a big city)
• If he were here, I would tell him about my plan.
  (In fact, he isn’t here)
Note:
• ‘Were’ is used for both singular and plural subjects.
• The use of type 2 conditional in “If I were you, I would ………” is a common form of advice.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

The if-clause is in the past perfect or the past perfect continuous tense, the main clause uses would have and past participle (Verb 3), or would have been and present participle (Verb-ing).

Conditional Sentence Type 3

TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Type 3	Past perfect If you had worked hard, Past perfect continuous If it had not been raining yesterday afternoon,	would have + past participle you would have succeeded. would have been + present participle I would have been going out for a walk.	Untrue in the past Fact: You didn’t work hard, so you didn’t succeed. Fact: It was raining yesterday afternoon. I was not going out for a walk.

When do we use conditional sentence type 3? Conditional sentence type 3 is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result.
• If you had come to the party last night, you would have met my cousin. (In truth, you didn’t come to the party last night)
• If he had not been late this morning, his teacher would not have punished him. (In truth, he was late)

Mixed Conditional Sentence

Mixed conditional sentence is a combination of conditional sentence type 2 and conditional sentence type 3.

Mixed Conditional Sentence

TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Mixed Type	Simple past If I were a bird, Past perfect If you had worked hard,	would have + past participle I would have flown to your place last night. would + simple form you would succeed.	Untrue in the present or future. Fact: I am not a bird, so I didn’t fly to your place. Untrue in the past. Fact: You didn’t work hard. Now, you don’t succeed.

When do we use mixed conditional sentence? Mixed conditional sentence is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result in the present, or actions or situations that do not take place in the present, but we can imagine the probable result in the past.
• If you lived near the factory, you would have heard the sound of the explosion. (In truth, you don’t live near the factory. Therefore, you didn't hear the sound of the explosion.)
• If he had not been late this morning, he would be permitted to join the test. (In truth, he was late. Therefore, he is not permitted to join the test.)

Sumber :http://www.misterguru.web.id/2011/09/conditional-sentences-type-1-type-2.html